T\u00fcrk mill\u00ee e\u011fitiminin genel ama\u00e7 ve temel ilkeleri do\u011frultusunda \u00f6zel e\u011fitimin temel ilkeleri \u015funlard\u0131r:<\/p>\n \u00d6zel E\u011fitime \u0130htiyac\u0131 Olan Bireyler<\/b><\/p>\n Do\u011fum \u00f6ncesi, do\u011fum s\u0131ras\u0131 ve do\u011fum sonras\u0131nda, geli\u015fim s\u00fcrecinde olu\u015fan \u00e7e\u015fitli nedenlere ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak; bili\u015fsel, dil, hareket, fizik, sosyal ve duygusal geli\u015fimlerinde \u00f6l\u00e7me ara\u00e7lar\u0131yla \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclebilen d\u00fczeyde yetersizlik, yava\u015flama, gerileme veya ileride olma sonucunda ya\u015f\u0131tlar\u0131na g\u00f6re farkl\u0131 \u00f6zellikler g\u00f6steren ve normal e\u011fitim programlar\u0131ndan yararlanamayan, k\u0131smen yararlanan veya yararland\u0131\u011f\u0131 halde destek programlar\u0131 ile e\u011fitimlerini devam ettirebilen bireylerdir. (Bayko\u00e7 D\u00f6nmez, 2009)<\/p>\n \u00d6zel gereksinimli bireyler, genellikle \u015fu gruplarda toplanmaktad\u0131r:<\/p>\n \u00d6ZEL E\u011e\u0130T\u0130MDE TEMEL KAVRAMLAR<\/b><\/p>\n \u00d6zel e\u011fitim ve \u00f6zel gereksinimli bireyler a\u00e7\u0131klan\u0131rken bir\u00e7ok kavrama gerek duyulmaktad\u0131r. Bunlar\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda, zedelenme, yetersizlik, \u00f6z\u00fcr, engel, risk ta\u015f\u0131ma gelmektedir.<\/p>\n Zedelenme: Bireyin psikolojik, fizyolojik, anatomik \u00f6zelliklerinde ge\u00e7ici ya da kal\u0131c\u0131 t\u00fcrden bir kay\u0131p, bir yap\u0131 ya da i\u015fleyi\u015f bozuklu\u011fu olmas\u0131 durumudur. (\u00d6zsoy, \u00d6zy\u00fcrek ve Eripek, 1997) \u00d6rne\u011fin; kula\u011f\u0131n biyofiziksel yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n bozuk olmas\u0131 bir zedelenmedir.<\/p>\n Yetersizlik: Zihinsel, fiziksel, davran\u0131\u015fsal ya da duyu organlar\u0131n\u0131n zedelenmeye ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak t\u00fcm ya da k\u0131smen i\u015flevlerinde g\u00f6zlenen kay\u0131plar\u0131n ortaya \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131\u011f\u0131 durumu ifade eder. (Ataman, 1997)<\/p>\n \u00d6z\u00fcr: Bedenin belli bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn ya da organ\u0131n i\u015flevlerini yeterince yerine getirememesi durumudur. (K\u0131rcaali-\u0130ftar, 1998)<\/p>\n Engel: \u00d6z\u00fcrl\u00fc bireyin toplumsal ya\u015fam\u0131n gereklerini yerine getirmede kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131l\u0131klard\u0131r. (K\u0131rcaali-\u0130ftar,1998)<\/p>\n Risk ta\u015f\u0131ma: Halen bir yetersizli\u011fi belirlenemeyen ancak ileride yetersizlik g\u00f6sterme \u015fans\u0131 ya da olas\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 normalde beklenenden daha fazla olan \u00e7ocuklar\u0131 ifade etmektedir. (Eripek, 2005)<\/p>\n 1.3 B\u0130REYLER\u0130N \u00d6ZEL E\u011e\u0130T\u0130ME \u0130HT\u0130YA\u00c7 DUYMASINA YOL A\u00c7AN NEDENLER<\/b><\/p>\n \u00d6zel gereksinimli bireylerin olu\u015fmas\u0131na neden olan etmenler genelde \u00fc\u00e7 ana b\u00f6l\u00fcmden olu\u015fmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n Do\u011fum \u00d6ncesinde Olu\u015fan Nedenler<\/p>\n Do\u011fum S\u0131ras\u0131nda Olu\u015fan Nedenler<\/p>\n Do\u011fum Sonras\u0131nda Olu\u015fan Nedenler<\/p>\n \u00d6zel e\u011fitime ihtiyac\u0131 olan bireylerin e\u011fitimlerinin ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilmesi i\u00e7in \u00e7ok y\u00f6nl\u00fc disiplinler aras\u0131 ekip modelinin kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 gerekmektedir. Ekip \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 yap\u0131l\u0131rken farkl\u0131 alanlarda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan uzmanlardan bilgi al\u0131nmas\u0131 \u00f6zel e\u011fitime ihtiyac\u0131 olan bireylerin e\u011fitimlerinde yarar sa\u011flayacakt\u0131r. \u00d6zel e\u011fitimde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan personeller a\u015fa\u011f\u0131da yer almaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n \u00d6zel E\u011fitimde \u00c7al\u0131\u015fan Personeller<\/p>\n insanl\u0131k tarihinin hemen her d\u00f6neminde bireysel farkl\u0131l\u0131klar g\u00f6steren bireylere rastland\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan, \u00f6zel e\u011fitimin ge\u00e7mi\u015ften g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze uzanan bir s\u00fcreyi kapsad\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6ylenebilir.<\/p>\n Ge\u00e7mi\u015f d\u00f6nemlerde toplumda ya\u015famalar\u0131 istenmeyen bu bireyler, ya\u015fad\u0131klar\u0131 yerlerden uzakla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131larak toplumdan soyutlanm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. \u00d6zel gereksinimli bireyler tarih \u00f6ncesi d\u00f6nemlerde ya toplumdan d\u0131\u015fland\u0131 ya da farkl\u0131 gerek\u00e7elerle \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc. Baz\u0131 bireylerde orman, \u00e7\u00f6l ya da da\u011f gibi insanlar\u0131n ya\u015famad\u0131\u011f\u0131 yerlerde \u00f6l\u00fcme terk edilmi\u015flerdir.<\/p>\n \u00d6zel e\u011fitim gereksinimi olan bireylere g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fclen hizmetlerin M\u00d6 IV. y\u00fczy\u0131la kadar uzand\u0131\u011f\u0131, ilk giri\u015fimlerin Anadolu uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda filizlendi\u011fi ve Kayseri y\u00f6resinde Aziz Basil\u2019in ilk k\u00f6rler hastanesini a\u00e7mas\u0131yla ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 belirtilmektedir. Daha sonra yine g\u00f6rme engellilerle ilgili olarak M\u00d6 308\u2019de M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019da, MS V. y\u00fczy\u0131lda Suriye\u2019de benzer \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalara rastlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. (Akt. S\u00fcmer, 1997)<\/p>\n Genel olarak d\u00fcnyada \u00f6zel gereksinimli bireylerin e\u011fitimine 18. ve 19. y\u00fczy\u0131llarda \u00f6nem verilmeye ba\u015flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Yap\u0131lan ilk \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalara \u00f6rnek vermek gerekirse;<\/p>\n Bu d\u00f6nemde yap\u0131lan bireysel \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar sonucunda \u00f6zel gereksinimli bireylere \u00f6zel e\u011fitim veren baz\u0131 okullar a\u00e7\u0131lmaya ba\u015flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bunlara \u00f6rnek vermek gerekirse;<\/p>\n G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde bir\u00e7ok \u00fclke yasal d\u00fczenlemelerini, \u00f6zel gereksinimli bireylerin kayna\u015ft\u0131rma yoluyla e\u011fitilebilmelerine daha iyi olanak sa\u011flama y\u00f6n\u00fcnde de\u011fi\u015ftirmi\u015f ve yasal olarak g\u00fcvence alt\u0131na alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Kayna\u015ft\u0131rma e\u011fitimi sayesinde \u00f6zel gereksinimli bireylerin akranlar\u0131ndan soyutlanmadan e\u011fitim almas\u0131 temel prensip olarak benimsenmi\u015ftir. Engellilere verilen e\u011fitimin kalitesini \u00fclkelerin geli\u015fmi\u015flik d\u00fczeyi, \u00fclke politikas\u0131, k\u00fclt\u00fcr, teknoloji ve ekonomik yap\u0131 gibi fakt\u00f6rler etkilemektedir. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla her \u00fclkenin \u00f6zel e\u011fitim konusunda farkl\u0131 bir politikas\u0131 vard\u0131r.<\/p>\n D\u00dcNYA \u00dcLKELER\u0130NDE ENGELL\u0130LER\u0130N E\u011e\u0130T\u0130M\u0130<\/b><\/p>\n Amerika Birle\u015fik Devletleri<\/em><\/p>\n D\u00fcnyada her \u00fclkede oldu\u011fu gibi Amerika Birle\u015fik Devletleri’nde de \u00f6zel gereksinimli bireylerin e\u011fitiminin bug\u00fcnk\u00fc durumuna gelmesi bir\u00e7ok a\u015famadan ge\u00e7erek gelmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n \u00d6zel gereksinimi bireylerin tedavi edilebilece\u011fi \u00f6ne s\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc d\u00f6nemde bu bireyler t\u0131marhane veya hastanelere kapat\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 19. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n son otuz y\u0131l\u0131nda \u00f6zel gereksinimli bireylerin normal geli\u015fim g\u00f6steren akranlar\u0131ndan ayr\u0131larak e\u011fitim g\u00f6rmeleri g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fc \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu bireyler i\u00e7in okullar, enstit\u00fcler a\u00e7\u0131larak e\u011fitime ba\u015flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. K\u0131sa bir s\u00fcre sonra bu okullardaki kapasite a\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan profesyonel personel yerine konu hakk\u0131nda bilgisi olmayan ki\u015filer taraf\u0131ndan program y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f, bireylerin e\u011fitimleri do\u011fru \u015fekilde kar\u015f\u0131lanamam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 19. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n sonunda ise \u00f6zel e\u011fitime ihtiyac\u0131 olan bireyler i\u00e7in normal okullarda a\u00e7\u0131lan \u00f6zel s\u0131n\u0131flarda \u00f6zel olarak haz\u0131rlanm\u0131\u015f programlar\u0131n uygulanmas\u0131na ba\u015flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Daha sonralar\u0131 ise davran\u0131\u015f bozuklular\u0131 ile \u00f6zel e\u011fitime gereksinimi olan bireyler homojen gruplara ayr\u0131larak \u00f6zel haz\u0131rlanm\u0131\u015f e\u011fitim programlar\u0131n\u0131n geli\u015ftirilmesine ba\u015flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 20. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda halk e\u011fitime at\u0131lmaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. O d\u00f6nemde her eyaletin farkl\u0131 programlar\u0131 vard\u0131r. Her eyaletin farkl\u0131 program\u0131n\u0131n olmas\u0131 zorluklar yaratm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. (\u015eahin, 2003)<\/p>\n 1950\u2019de \u00f6zel gereksinimli bireyler i\u00e7in yat\u0131l\u0131 kurumlar kapat\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve yeni kurumlar\u0131n a\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131 tamamen durdurulmu\u015ftur. 1950’den sonra ge\u00e7mi\u015fte kurulan kurumlar ve programlar devam ettirilmi\u015ftir. (\u00c7a\u011flar, 1979)<\/p>\n 1975 y\u0131l\u0131nda ABD’de yasala\u015fan PL 94-142 (B\u00fct\u00fcn Engelli \u00c7ocuklar i\u00e7in E\u011fitim Yasas\u0131) olduk\u00e7a kapsaml\u0131d\u0131r ve engelli \u00e7ocuklara g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fclecek hizmetleri tek bir yasa alt\u0131nda toplam\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131 ile de i\u015fleyi\u015fe kolayl\u0131k sa\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. ABD’nin PL 94- 142 yasas\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7ok kapsaml\u0131 olmas\u0131n\u0131n nedeni \u00f6zel e\u011fitim gereksinimi olan her \u00e7ocu\u011fun e\u011fitim hakk\u0131 oldu\u011fu ve bunun yayg\u0131nla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayabilmektir. Yasa her \u00e7ocu\u011fun normal okulda e\u011fitilmesini \u00f6ng\u00f6rmektedir. (Akt. D\u00f6nmez ve \u015eahin, 2010)<\/p>\n \u0130ngiltere<\/em><\/p>\n \u0130ngiltere\u2019de 1980\u2019den sonra \u00f6zel gereksinimli bireyler i\u00e7in kayna\u015ft\u0131rmaya y\u00f6nelik yasal s\u00fcre\u00e7 h\u0131zlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 1981 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u201c\u00d6zel E\u011fitim Kanunu\u201d ile \u00f6zel gereksinimli bireylere e\u011fitimde f\u0131rsat e\u015fitli\u011fi sa\u011flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. (\u015eahin, 2003) \u0130ngiltere de \u00e7ocu\u011fun normal okullarda e\u011fitim g\u00f6rebilmesi i\u00e7in ailenin istekleri ve okullar\u0131n \u00f6zellikleri dikkate al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131 ifade edilmektedir. Okullarda e\u011fitim ortam\u0131 d\u00fczenlenmedi\u011finde ve e\u011fitim-\u00f6\u011fretim s\u00fcreci planlanmad\u0131\u011f\u0131nda bu e\u011fitimlerin verimli olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ifade edilmektedir. (D\u00f6nmez ve \u015eahin, 2010)<\/p>\n T\u00fcrkiye<\/em><\/p>\n Osmanl\u0131’da da \u00f6zel gereksinimli bireyler i\u00e7in \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u00d6zellikle \u00fcst\u00fcn yetenekli bireyler i\u00e7in 14. y\u00fczy\u0131lda sadece T\u00fcrklerde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. Eflatun’un devlet adam\u0131 yeti\u015ftirme sistemini Fatih Sultan Mehmet \u2018Enderun\u2019 ad\u0131 verilen kurumla uygulam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. (D\u00f6nmez ve \u015eahin, 2010) 1889 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u0130stanbul\u2019da Grati Efendi\u2019nin \u00f6nc\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde Ticaret Mektebinin bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde \u0130\u015fitme engelli \u00e7ocuklar i\u00e7in okul a\u00e7\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. (\u015eahin, 2003)<\/p>\n 1921 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u0130zmir\u2019de bir dernek taraf\u0131ndan \u201cSa\u011f\u0131r-Dilsiz ve K\u00f6rler Okulu\u201d a\u00e7\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Okul bir s\u00fcre sonra Alsancak\u2019ta bulunan \u0130\u015fitme Engelliler Okuluna ta\u015f\u0131nm\u0131\u015f ve 1924 y\u0131l\u0131nda Sa\u011fl\u0131k Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131na devredilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n 1923 y\u0131l\u0131nda T\u00fcrkiye Cumhuriyeti ad\u0131na Mustafa Kemal Atat\u00fcrk taraf\u0131ndan onaylanan Cenevre Bildirisi, \u00f6zel e\u011fitim konusunda bir ilerleme olarak kabul edilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n 1949 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lan \u201cKorunmaya Muhta\u00e7 \u00c7ocuklar Yasas\u0131\u201d ile yat\u0131l\u0131 \u00f6zel e\u011fitim kurumlar\u0131 i\u00e7in yasal ko\u015fullar haz\u0131rlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n 1950\u2019li y\u0131llarda \u00f6zel e\u011fitim hizmetleri sa\u011fl\u0131k sosyal yard\u0131m bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan milli e\u011fitim bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131na devredilmi\u015ftir. 1950\u2019li y\u0131llar\u0131n engellilerin toplumda \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmesi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00f6rnek te\u015fkil eden Do\u00e7. Dr. Mithat En\u00e7 \u00f6nc\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde Alt\u0131 Nokta K\u00f6rler Derne\u011fi, E\u011fitimi ve Kalk\u0131nd\u0131rma Derne\u011fi kurulmu\u015ftur. Personel yeti\u015ftirmek i\u00e7in 1952 y\u0131l\u0131nda Gazi E\u011fitim Enstit\u00fcs\u00fcne \u00f6zel e\u011fitim b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc a\u00e7\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 1955 y\u0131l\u0131nda iki d\u00f6nem mezun verdikten sonra b\u00f6l\u00fcm kapat\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n 1955 y\u0131l\u0131nda kapat\u0131lan \u00d6zel E\u011fitim \u015eubesinin ard\u0131ndan, ayn\u0131 y\u0131l yine Gazi E\u011fitim Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc b\u00fcnyesinde \u00d6l\u00e7me De\u011ferlendirme Laboratuvar\u0131 ile Test ve Ara\u015ft\u0131rma B\u00fcrosu \u00d6SYM\u2019nin temelini olu\u015fturmas\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan yine 1950\u2019li y\u0131llar\u0131n \u00f6nemli olaylar\u0131 aras\u0131nda g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. (Akt. D\u00f6nmez ve \u015eahin, 2010)<\/p>\n 1965 y\u0131l\u0131nda Ankara \u00dcniversitesi E\u011fitim Bilimleri Fak\u00fcltesi b\u00fcnyesinde \u201c\u00d6zel E\u011fitim B\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc\u201d kurulmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n 1970\u2019li y\u0131llarda anne babalar taraf\u0131ndan a\u00e7\u0131lan dernek taraf\u0131ndan \u201c\u00f6\u011fretilebilir zihinsel yetersizli\u011fi\u201d olan \u00f6\u011frenciler i\u00e7in bir okul a\u00e7\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 1982 Anayasas\u0131 ile \u00f6zel gereksinimli bireyler i\u00e7in baz\u0131 \u00f6nlemlerin al\u0131nmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fi belirtilere, 1982 y\u0131l\u0131nda 2916 Say\u0131l\u0131 \u201c\u00d6zel E\u011fitime Muhta\u00e7 \u00c7ocuklar Yasas\u0131\u201d ile \u00f6zel gereksinimli bireyler i\u00e7in yasa \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 1997 y\u0131l\u0131nda 573 Say\u0131l\u0131 \u00d6zel E\u011fitim Hakk\u0131nda Kanun H\u00fckm\u00fcnde Kararname y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe girmi\u015f ve 2000 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u00d6zel E\u011fitim Hizmetleri Y\u00f6netmeli\u011fi yay\u0131nlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n 2006 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u00d6zel E\u011fitim Hizmetleri y\u00f6netmeli\u011fi tekrardan d\u00fczenlenerek \u00f6zel \u00f6zel e\u011fitim kurumlar\u0131 SH\u00c7EK\u2019dan al\u0131narak Milli E\u011fitim Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131na ba\u011flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 2005 y\u0131l\u0131nda 5378 say\u0131l\u0131 \u201c\u00d6z\u00fcrl\u00fcler Kanunu\u201d \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Di\u011fer bir geli\u015fme de, Ba\u015fbakanl\u0131k \u00d6z\u00fcrl\u00fcler \u0130daresi Ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ile Devlet \u0130statistik Enstit\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fcn ortak \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 olan \u201c\u00d6z\u00fcrl\u00fcler Ara\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131\u201dd\u0131r. (Ak\u00e7amete, 2009)<\/p>\n \u0130nsan hayat\u0131, do\u011fumdan \u00f6l\u00fcme kadar ge\u00e7en s\u00fcrede farkl\u0131 evrelerden olu\u015fur, bu evreler do\u011fumla ba\u015flar; \u00e7ocukluk, ergenlik, yeti\u015fkinlikle devam eder ve ya\u015fl\u0131l\u0131kla sonlan\u0131r. […]<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":342,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[33],"tags":[31],"yoast_head":"\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\t\n\t\n\n\n\t\n\t\n\t\n![\"\"](\"http:\/\/visiontherapyblog.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2010\/06\/011.jpg\")
\u00d6zel E\u011fitimin Temel \u0130lkeleri<\/strong><\/p>\n\n
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